Welcome to the code golf challenge!

This contest will test your abilities to type extremely short code. Each problem will have a specified character limit. In order to receive full points, you must solve the problem and your code must be less than the specified number of characters.

This contest will consist of four problems of varying difficulty. You will have the full contest duration to attempt the problems. In addition, note that no one language is guaranteed to be able to pass all problems, and you may need to use a variety of languages in order to pass the character constraint.

Good luck!